INT-LEAD-4.1.1

Structured Decision-Making and Speaking Up

Gives a structure for decision-making under pressure and in ambiguity, the graded assertiveness ladder for challenging a senior, and closed-loop communication.

A guest asks to take the tender ashore. The wind has got up, the second officer looks uneasy but says nothing, and the guest is a friend of the owner and is being charming about it. You are the interior HOD; this is not your department, not your call, and you can see something everyone else has decided not to see. You have about twenty seconds.

Structured decision-making under pressure

Under pressure people jump to the first plausible option and defend it. A structure slows that down without slowing the decision:

  • Define the problem in one sentence. Half of all bad decisions solve the wrong problem.
  • Gather the facts you actually have, and mark what is assumption.
  • Generate at least two real options. A single option is not a decision.
  • Evaluate against risk, time, resources and the guest experience — safety first, always.
  • Decide, communicate, and say who owns it.
  • Review: does the plan still fit reality? Be willing to reverse it.

Speed changes the depth of the process, not its existence. In an emergency, a very fast version runs inside the SMS procedure and the Master authority. In ambiguity, the correct decision is often to buy time: stop, delay, ask, escalate. Deciding to delay is a decision.

Deciding in ambiguity

When information is missing or conflicting, name it out loud: "I do not know whether the guest is still ashore, and I need to know before I report the head count." Ambiguity that is voiced can be resolved; ambiguity that is politely absorbed becomes a link in an error chain.

Speaking up: the graded assertiveness ladder

Assertiveness is a trained skill, not a temperament. The graded assertiveness ladder escalates only as far as it needs to:

Step Form Example
1. Enquiry Ask a question "How is the sea state for the tender run?"
2. Statement of concern Say how you feel, with a fact "I am uneasy — that chop looks bigger than earlier."
3. Suggested alternative Offer another option "Could we wait thirty minutes, or use the passerelle?"
4. Direct challenge State the problem plainly "I do not think that tender should launch."
5. Emergency stop Use an agreed stop phrase "Stop. This is unsafe. We need the Captain."

Two-challenge rule: if you have raised a concern twice and it has not been acknowledged, escalate to a higher authority. Do not conclude that you must be wrong because a senior did not answer.

Closed-loop communication

  • Sender directs a message to a named person: "Marie, muster the guests in the main salon."
  • Receiver reads it back: "Muster the guests in the main salon."
  • Sender confirms: "Correct."
  • The receiver reports completion: "Guests mustered, four of four."

The loop only closes on the fourth step. "Yes" is not a read-back, and an instruction to the room is an instruction to nobody.

Onboard Notes

  • Every crew member has the right and the duty to raise a safety concern, regardless of rank. Your SMS says how; the DPA route exists precisely for concerns that stall onboard.
  • Agree a stop phrase with your team before you need it, and honour it without irritation the first time it is used, or it will never be used again.
  • Escalating to the Master is not disloyalty. Overriding authority for safety sits with the Master, and you are giving them the information they need to exercise it.

Practice questions

5 questions
recallcore

recall · core

Set out the steps of a structured decision-making process.

recallcore

recall · core

Describe the graded assertiveness ladder.

recallcore

recall · core

What are the four steps of closed-loop communication?

scenariostretch

scenario · stretch

The wind has risen. A guest, a friend of the owner, is charming everyone into a tender run ashore and the second officer looks uneasy but says nothing. You are the interior HOD. What do you do?

oralstretch

oral · stretch

How should you make a decision when information is missing or contradictory?

Independent study. xplor is not an IAMI- or PYA-accredited GUEST training provider and is not an MCA-approved HELM provider. This course covers the ground assessed in GUEST Unit 17; it awards no GUEST unit, certificate, Certificate of Competency or HELM certificate.

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